In my 32 years of advising clients and managing portfolios, I found several ways that clients underperformed the market. The most common was creating portfolios that did not match their personal risk tolerance. They took more risk than they could tolerate and when things fell apart, they sold out in a panic. Working with thousands of individual investors, I devised a series of tests that allow you to pinpoint your personal risk tolerance, which is the first step in creating your diversified investment portfolio. Create a portfolio you can tolerate instead of assuming you or your advisor can move out before the next big downturn.
Once the personal risk tolerance for the portfolio is identified, each investment must be carefully selected to work together, and this is what asset allocation is all about. Done properly, asset allocation is a mathematical approach to determine what assets to buy, and most importantly, how much to buy.
Every Mutual Fund, Index Fund and Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) charges an internal fee called the expense ratio. This is only the start of the fees you will pay. You cannot control the markets, but you can control your investment management fees and expenses. Choosing investments with the lowest cost allows you to keep more of what you earn. You get what you pay for does not apply to investing. Higher fees often do not mean better performance.
Taxes are another important, often controllable, aspect of designing and creating your investment portfolio. There are three main areas to discover when designing your portfolio: finding tax-efficient investments, designing the portfolio to maximize tax-loss harvesting and using proper asset location to minimize taxes.
Asset allocation is more than a one-time occurrence, as we need to maintain the chosen asset allocation portfolio. Each fund in your portfolio is likely to grow at different paces from the others. If left unattended, a portfolio will diverge from its original balance toward points that have more risk, less return, or possibly both. This is known as portfolio drift. We need to be vigilant to make sure the balance remains in the proportions we had identified in our asset allocation construction, as this will help keep the portfolio from drifting out of your personal risk tolerance. Once you understand how to rebalance portfolios you can see ways to design your portfolio to take advantage of rebalancing by combining uncorrelated asset classes.